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الاثنين، 25 مارس 2013

Papyrus in the era of the Pharaohs

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Papyrus months plants known to man since the dawn of history, which is a water plant grows in freshwater swamps and shallow land covered by water to a depth of no more than 50 cm or aspects of canals and severe soil moisture or salt water.

This plant of monocots per named Ballatyny (Sipes Papyrus), and therefore of the genus (Alsaybrs) a Ojnls platoon Saadia Egypt has this sex nearly seventy species of papyrus (Cypress papyrus) and was no longer grows in Egypt except sofa for decoration In some gardens

 But it has been growing in Egypt in abundance until the year 1820 and this plant consists of ground known as leg "Alraizum" stretch in the silt, which usually have the marsh surface, and this leg sends roots stretching down into the mud to get the food

needed

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Use ancient Egyptians papyrus in many uses, it has made ​​of the leg ropes (samples of which are Egyptian Museum), as well as use in the manufacture of mats to sit on it, or to encapsulate the dead bodies before burial after the mummification process and making priests of marrow papyrus sandals which were Atnalunha.

I could also take advantage of the ancient Egyptian property lack of density and buoyancy above the water and he made them boats and big boats used in fishing and bird

The papyrus among the first materials that use the ancient Egyptians to build their huts with the development of the use of building materials, such as: limestone and granite, but they have been affected by their surroundings plants
.


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Ancient Egyptians used papyrus writing chips in long rolls up in some cases to almost 45 meters which is the first Papyrus Harris.

The work was taken into account when lap that stuck parties pages together by starchy adhesive material, covering every page of approximately 1 - 2 cm from the northern side to the next page

 This is called Part Balouselh, a feature Boukhuntha and increase the thickness, and the link is always a right angle with the horizontal fibers of the pages, was launched Egyptians on each sheet or page name "Qaan".

   It was the beginning and the end of winding, the more parts susceptible to damage Icoaan slices stick from the bottom to protect it, and was taken into account when you paste pages lap with each to be all fiber horizontal pages on the first side and fiber vertical on the other side, with the exception of a very few cases the writer is pasted footsteps.


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The ancient Egyptian begin writing on the side ever fiber horizontal lap, and upon completion of this aspect was being placed on the other side ever vertical fibers.



It has been used in ancient Egyptian horizontal and vertical line in writing on papyrus, then limited the horizontal line on the line only since the Middle Kingdom and became a vertical line limited to a few titles. The writer was a margin without writing piety slices of papyrus widening between 5 cm and 9 cm where it's more wild parts susceptible to damage.



Egyptian writer was not interested numbered pages did not exist only in numbers one is Papyrus Papyrus SHOW Ebrs you which numbered pages (1) to No. (110) with omission pages 28
, 29


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The writer was writing his themes on papyrus, without leaving a vacuum at the beginning of the first line or with the beginnings of chapters and paragraphs successive distinguishes it was not some words that are written in red ink and will go until the end of the subject.

Sometimes the writer writes the address on the back of papyrus from the first page so that it can be read after the papyrus roll. The writer was correct mistakes in red ink or remove it.

And use the ancient Egyptian ink (ink) of calcium carbonate (white) and carbon (black) and calcium sulphate (yellow) and hematite (brown) and lead oxide red (red) The blue and green were of glass powder. The colors were made ​​in the form of tablets after crushing material well and then mixed with glue and water and then dry for use


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He did not use in writing only black and red, while the rest of the colors were used in the coloring, black dates used in writing in Egypt to pre-dynastic period the year 3400 BC.M.

Egyptians used scribes black ink in writing subject matter different files papyrus The use of the color red was limited at first, and the ancient Egyptians used to since the beginning of the Central State to write the month and day in their histories red, with the exception of some cases.

In literary subjects when divided into smaller sentences he put a small red point or it begins a sentence or paragraph in red or writing words to be shown to their importance as well as in writing the final words of Papyrus. It has been used in ancient Egyptian papyrus painting and coloring, also used to write it and see it in the Book of the Dead, which was placed with the deceased





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