Civilization of Mesopotamia article with pictures and video

Civilization of Mesopotamia of the greatest civilizations has left us with some great effects
'Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) (Greek Μεσοποταμία, "Misoپautamaa", meaning Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia located in southwest Asia was one of the first centers of civilization in the world. It is currently located in Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The most famous civilizations of Sumer and Akad, Babylon and Assyria, and Chaldeans, which originated from Iraq.

 However civilizations flourished in Mesopotamia and in times of simultaneous and successive been occupying land adjacent occupying the east parts of Iran and specifically Elam (now the province of Khuzestan, known as Arabs Stan) and occupied the west and Syria to reach Palestine, where was the Babylonian captivity during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. After devitalized Nebuchadnezzar passed Mesopotamian era decadence while originated forces civilization Persians Vtm occupation of Babylon and beyond Babylon by Cyrus became Kotaisfon (now known as Madain) southeast of Baghdad, the capital of the mare came up Islamic conquest at the hands of Omar bin al-Khattab. Over the years, under the banner of Islam Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate Abbasseya, which was considered the golden generation of Islam. In 1919, Iraq announced the emergence of self-rule to the state after independence from Ottoman rule.

The need for irrigation and defense of the motives that have helped to shape the first civilization in Mesopotamia at the hands of the population of ancient Mesopotamia and they fenced cities and extending channels. After the year 6000 BC.. Appeared settlements that have become cities in the fourth millennium BC.. The oldest of these human settlements there Uruk Tel NATO in Syria, where he was held by the temples of brick and was decorated with Bmchgullac metal, stones and invented cuneiform writing.

 The Sumerians responsible for culture first there and then spread north to the Upper Euphrates and the most important Sumerian cities that arose at the time Yazidi izd Perhaps this is due to the Yazidi religion in Iraq, Kish, Larsa, Ur and ethics. In the year 2330 BC.. Seized الأكاديون They Semitic peoples were living amid the country between Alnehrbn and was their king Sargon I (2335 BC.. - 2279 BC..) Had founded the Kingdom of Acad and Akkadian language replaced Sumerian. Rule Acadians remained even drop Jawtyon year 2218 BC.. They tribes of the eastern hills. After the third period appeared the Covenant to the city of Ur and ruled most of Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia include the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the mountains of Armenia in modern Turkey. Both rivers fed by many tributaries, and the entire system of the river feeds a vast mountainous area. Roads in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris River are usually sharp and tough. The semi-arid climate with over a vast desert in the north, which gives way to the area 6,000 square miles of marshes, lakes and mudflats, and the banks of reeds in the south. In the extreme south unite the Euphrates and the Tigris and pour in the Arabian Gulf.

Arid environment ranging from the northern regions of rain-fed agriculture, to the south of where irrigated agriculture is essential if an excessive amount of energy returned on energy invested can be obtained. Irrigation is with the help of high groundwater surface, and melting snow from the high peaks of the Zagros Mountains and the Armenian highlands, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, who give an area its name. Usefulness of irrigation depends on the ability to mobilize enough work for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, since Old Alozl, has helped in the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political power.

Agriculture across the region have been completed by grazing Bedouin, where transferred Bedouin Saknoa tents flocks of sheep and goats (and later camels) of pasture river in the dry summer months, and to go out to pasture land seasonal on the edge of the desert in the rainy season in the winter. Region generally lack the stone building, precious metals, timber, and therefore historically been relying on long-distance trade of agricultural products to secure these materials from remote areas. In the marshlands in the south of the country, and found a complex culture of fishing and water since prehistoric times, and added to the cultural mix

 Periodic breakdowns in the cultural system and signed a number of reasons. The demand for labor has from time to time to increase the number of people that push the limits the carrying capacity of the environment, and the consequences of a period of climate instability, the collapse of the central government and the population decline can happen. Instead, the military weakness of the invasion of marginal hill tribes or nomadic pastoralists have led to periods of trade collapse and neglect of irrigation systems. An equal amount, central attraction between tendencies States meant that the central authority on the whole region, when imposed, tended to be ephemeral, and fragmented power to local and regional units smaller or tribal. These trends have continued to the present day in Iraq.

 The oldest known written language in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, a language isolated monolithic. Semitic dialects were talking in Mesopotamia in the early Sumerian. Later Semitic language, Akkadian, came to be the dominant language, although Sumerian was held for administrative purposes, religious, literary, and scientific. Different varieties of Akkadian were used until the end of the second Babylonian period. Then became Aramaic, which had become common in Mesopotamia, the regional administration official language of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Stop the use of Akkadian, but both the Sumerian and Akkadian were still used in temples for a few centuries.

Early Mesopotamia (around the middle of the 4th millennium BC) invented cuneiform writing. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the triangle end of the pen is used to compress pins on the wet clay. Standardized form for each cuneiform sign appears to be the evolution of pictograms. First texts (7 outdated panels) come from any - Anna very sacred courtyard dedicated to the goddess Inanna in Uruk, the third level, the building was described as a temple (c) of Hvar.

Symbolic order early cuneiform took many years to master. Therefore only a limited number of individuals have been appointed clerks are trained to read and write. It was not until the adoption of use and widely text tomography under the rule of Sargon that large parts of the population of Mesopotamia are illiterate. Huge archives of texts were recovered from archaeological contexts of schools ancient Babylonian printing, which published literacy

 At the time of Babylon there were libraries in most cities and temples; old Sumerian proverb says: "He who would excel in school clerks should wake up with the dawn." Women, like men learned to read and write, and Babylon Semites, it ensures extinct Sumerian Marafhllgh, and clips complex and intense.

Much of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian origins, and the language of religion and the law lasted a long ancient language Sheets of Sumer. Vocabulary, grammar, and translation between the lines equipped for the use of students, as well as comments on the ancient texts and interpretations ambiguous words and phrases. Words of CT language was all arranged and unnamed, and detailed lists of them were drawn.

During the eighth and seventh century BC, Babylonian astronomers put new approach to astronomy. Began studying philosophy Altaata deals with the ideal nature of the early universe, and began work on the internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and philosophy of science, and some scientists thus referred to this new approach the first scientific revolution of this new approach to astronomy was adopted and developed further in astronomy Greek and Hellenistic.

 Astronomy Babylonian is the basis for most of what has been done in Greek astronomy and Hellenistic and Indian astrology classic, in astronomy Sassanian, Byzantine and Syrian, and in astronomy medieval Islamic, and in astronomy in Central Asia and Western Europe

Use people Mesopotamia decimal counting system, Steny (base 60). This is the source of the current hour of 60 minutes and 24 hours a day, as well as the circle of 360 degrees. Sumerian calendar also measured weeks of seven days each week. This mathematical knowledge was used in making maps.

 Religion in Mesopotamia is the first to be registered. Folks Mesopotamia believed that the world was a flat disk and surrounded by space is huge and pierced, and above all, paradise as they believed that water was everywhere, top, bottom, on both sides, and that the universe was born from the sea is phenomenal. In addition, the religion of Mesopotamia with the multiplicity of gods.

Although the belief described above may trader was among the people of Mesopotamia, there were also regional differences. Sumerian word of the universe is that - so, which refers to God and the gods in order. Their son was Enlil, the god of the air. They believe that god Enlil was the most powerful deity. Was the chief god of the gods or the Pantheon group, as it was for the Greeks Zeus and the Roman Jupiter. Sumerians also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we?, Where are we?, How did we get here?. Tied answers to these questions to the explanations given by the gods.

Hundreds of graves have been excavated in parts of Mesopotamia, revealing information about burial customs in Mesopotamia. In the city of Ur, most people were buried in family graves under their homes (as case in Catalhuyuc), along with some of their possessions. A few were found wrapped in mats and carpets. Children of the deceased and put in "unit" large that have been developed in the family church. Other remnants were found buried in a public cemetery of the city. 17 tomb found with the very valuable pieces in their minds; assumed that these were the tombs of ownership